Nandor Klug

* Kotterbach/Ötösbánya, 18 October 1845 – † Budapest, 14 May 1909 / physiologist, ; university professor, member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1894) ; ; He studied at the universities of Vienna and Pest, obtaining his doctorate and midwifery diploma in 1870. From 1871 he was an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology in Budapest, from 1873 at the Department of Physiology. In 1874 he was a private teacher of medical physics (biophysics), in 1877 an extraordinary teacher of physiology. In 1878 he was a public full-time teacher of physiology in Kolozsvár. In 1889–1890 he was rector of the university. In 1891–1909 he was a public full-time teacher at the Department of Physiology in Budapest. He was elected a member of several foreign scientific societies. At the beginning of his career, his scientific interest was directed towards the physiological processes of the sensory organs and the nervous system. He thoroughly investigated the various types of skin sensation (pressure and heat perception, the location of mechanical and chemical stimuli acting on the body surface), the specific features of the visual organs and vision (light perception and color perception, color blindness, the role of the retina and the macula), the anatomy of the auditory organs, and the physiology of sound production. At the same time, the physiological processes, morphology, and histology of the heart and blood circulation also attracted his attention, among other things, he studied the innervation of the heart and the effect of the vagus nerve on cardiac function. From the 1890s, he increasingly dealt with the physiology and biochemical aspects of digestion and metabolic processes, such as protein formation, the production of the protein-degrading pepsin, vomiting, urine excretion, and red blood cell formation. He was elected a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1890 and a full member in 1894. He held both of his academic chairs in the field of digestive physiology (Glue as a nutrient, 1890, Data for pepsin digestion, 1894). ; ; His main works: ; Studies on the cochlea of mammals, 1873, ; On the perception of color with indirect vision, 1875, ; On the ability of the refractive media of the eye to transmit heat rays, 1878, ; On vision, 1878, ; The human voice and speech, 1887, ; Textbook of human physiology, 1888, ; Glue as a nutrient, 1890, ; Data for pepsin digestion, 1895, ; Physiology of the sense organs, 1896, ; Observation book for the exercises and demonstrations taking place at the Institute of Physiology of the University of Budapest, 1903; On the further progress of the physiology of material circulation, 1904.